Caring For The Oral Cancer Patient - 1481 Words

Caring for the Oral Cancer Patient Sonja Black Brown Mackie College Greenville Oral cancer is considered to be any cancer that affects the head or neck with the exclusion of the brain. According to The Oral Cancer Foundation, over 43 thousand people will be diagnosed with oral cancer yearly and of that number over 8 thousand of these cases will result in death (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014, p. para 1). Oral cancer consists of squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma, and benign oral cavity tumors. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer and is responsible for at least 90% of all oral cancers (Ignatavicius Workman, 2013, p. 1196). Oral cancer is initially formed by an†¦show more content†¦1197). The results of an evidence-based study concluded that serum and saliva might also be beneficial when used as a diagnostic test marker for oral cancer (Dadhich, Prabhu, Pai, D Souza, Harish, Jose, 2014). Risk Factors As with most diseases, prevention is the best approach and even though there is no definite answer to why cancer develops, there are several risk factors that may suggest that oral cancer is probable. The use of tobacco and alcohol increase the risk of developing oral cancer as so does the incident of contracting a HPV infection, which is the Human Papillomavirus (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014, p. para 6). According to recent studies, HPV is becoming the leading factor in patients with oral cancer. Patients should be assessed and screened for alcohol and tobacco abuse as well as the possibility of exposure to the HPV virus to determine their risk for oral cancer. Some other risk factors that may not be apparent are the exposure to the sun for prolonged periods of time without an effective sunscreen agent and a history of previous oral cancer (Hill, Deitz, Sax, 2014). A comprehensive assessment should be performed to measure the probability of this patient developing oral cancer. Home Care Management Patients should be educated on how to maintain their health while they are at

The Legal Drinking Age On America s Youth - 1749 Words

In 1984, the legal drinking age was changed to twenty-one years of age. This change was made after the Prohibition. Studies during this time found that as the minimum legal drink age (MLDA) was lowered, there was an increase in youth traffic accidents. A study done after the legal drinking age was raised to twenty-one showed reduced youth drinking, youth drunk-driving, and accidents related to alcohol. The change of the minimum legal drinking age proved to be beneficial during this time period. During our lifetime, alcohol has become a very serious health problem throughout the United States. According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, alcohol has become the most widely used substance of abuse among America’s youth. Some interesting statistics presented by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, in the year 2013, 8.7 million people (ages 12-20) reported that they drank alcohol, (2015). There is no getting around the fact. Young people d rink, they are going to drink, and it would be impossible to make them stop drinking. We all know that they are going to partake in this activity. As children grow older, they tend to get a sense of maturity and independence. Seeking new activities and taking risks is what children live for. Underage drinking is one particular risk that attracts many young people. The big major debate currently going on is should the minimum legal drinking age be lowered? With the issue of the alcohol policy, thereShow MoreRelatedEmily Blair . Ms.Kaba. Research Paper. 13 May 2017. The1124 Words   |  5 Pages13 May 2017 The Legal Drinking Age is Not Working A problem that is becoming very prevalent throughout the United States is underage drinking. Although the legal age of alcohol consumption is twenty one, alcohol abuse still remains a significant problem with American youth. Almost all alcohol consumption by teenagers is done through binge drinking. In America the age of eighteen is when you are finally considered an â€Å"adult†. Although you are now considered an adult and have legal and social responsibilitiesRead MoreProblem And Solution Of Underaged Drinking1553 Words   |  7 PagesKendra Gallos English III Sean Meisner 4/6/17 Problem and Solution of Underaged Drinking in America One of the major problems facing America s youth today is underaged drinking. This is simply defined as the consumption of any commercial alcoholic beverage while under the legal age restriction of twenty one. A solution is in dire need, as the problem causes exponential harm to many teen’s health. Underaged drinking has been the underlying cause of numerous fatalities over the past several decadesRead MoreDrinking Age1012 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking Age The drinking age was moved from 18 to 21 for a reason. The higher drinking age of 21 has saved many lives, helped reduce the amount of underage drinking, and therefore should not be lowered. Many studies from a large variety of sources have proven higher drinking ages have a positive effect on society. Alcohol is harmful to the development of younger people. Research has shown that an adult is less likely to bingeRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age : A Discourse Appraisal1452 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age in America: A Discourse Appraisal You know an issue has evoked large levels of community discussion when interest groups such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving and rappers like J-kwon are telling us the same thing: teen drinking is very bad. But discussion on the topic tends to vary far more than that. Congress discussed the issue in 1984, with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act: an act that withheld federal highway funding from states without a minimum legal drinkingRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1700 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act made all 50 states raise the legal drinking age to 21(Dejong). The debate is on whether the age should be lowered or not. Statistically, having the age at 21 has been very helpful in keeping the nation safe. If there is not an issue with age now, would it make sense to lower the age and create unnecessary problems? In this case, the negative effects outweigh the positive. Simply because there is no good in lowering the age. The legal drinking age has be en set atRead More America Must Lower the Drinking Age Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Must Lower the Drinking Age The current drinking age in the United States of America is 21. There are some people who agree with the current drinking age even some who think it should be raised. On the other hand, a number of people feel that the current drinking age produces more problems than it prevents (â€Å"Cross Fire†). The United States has unsuccessfully tried prohibition legislation not once, but twice in the past. These laws were eventually done away with due to the inabilityRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1253 Words   |  6 Pages Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should the drinking age be lowered from 21 to a younger age? Ever since the end of prohibition in 1933 the United States government has placed the issue of minimum legal drinking age sensitively in the hands of the states, letting each decide for itself what the minimum age should be. At that time all agreed that the minimum legal drinking age should be 21, where it remained for all statesRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1211 Words   |  5 Pages Some people find it hard to understand that at the age of eighteen you can fight and die for your country, but you cannot legally drink or purchase alcoholic beverages. Others find it hard to believe that there are people who want people under the age of twenty-one drinking. The important question is: should the drinking age be lowered to eighteen instead of remaining at twenty-one? The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can consume or purchase alcohol. These laws cover a wide rangeRead MoreLowering The National Drinking Age1698 Words   |  7 PagesLowering the National Drinking Age Winston Churchill was infamous for his one liners and occasional drunken outbursts. One night at a party, he shocked a rather prominent woman with his drunken atrocities. Insulted, she turned to him and said, â€Å"Mr. Churchill, you are as drunk as a dog.† The Prime Minister returned, â€Å"Madam, I may be very drunk, but you are very ugly. But tomorrow,† he added, â€Å"I shall be sober† (Churchill, W). The use and abuse of alcohol is a centuries old vice that has circumnavigatedRead MoreAlcohol Consumption And Underage Drinking1561 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol consumption and underage drinking has been a major social problem and public health concern for centuries. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), â€Å"Alcohol is the most commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit drugs, and is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth (Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking). Alcohol h as always been part of our culture as well as a debatable topic in our society and the controversy

Business Operation Oz Supermarket Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Operation Oz Supermarket. Answer: Outline of the business operation along with suggestion of recommendations Maintaining consistency in providing the customers with innovative facilities has enabled Oz supermarket to emerge as a popular name among the customers. Earlier the customers had to stand in long queues for billing at the exit points. Decisions to establish retain chain have increased the ease of the customers in terms of grabbing their branded products and get them billed within a short span of time (Trkman et al., 2015). This was not the outcome of haphazard approach towards marketing. The managers of Oz supermarket have toiled hard to achieve efficiency in the business operations. This oriental approach has been possible due to the following initiatives: Keeping only household goods and stationery items, which are non perishable and align with the requirements of the customers Adoption of the latest technologies has helped the marketing personnel of Oz supermarket to deliver services to the customers according to the latest trends. This adoption has smoothened the buying process for the customers as well as the company personnel (Jeston Nelis, 2014). Typical example in this direction is PayWave. Through the possession of the card, the customer gets an easy entry into the supermarket with only a wave. The RFID readers in the trolleys automatically send the item for billing upon its selection by the buyer. However, if the item is already selected by a buyer, it is deleted from the display window. The items selected by the buyers are added to the bags, which are attached with the trolleys. Once the customers have finished shopping, they can exit the supermarket. The readers might think that where is the payment description? To the surprise of the readers, the RFID readers in the trolleys calculate the amount while the customers are shopping (Gummesson, 2014) . This total is automatically added to the PayWave card when the customer wave while departing from the supermarket. The systematic approach towards this process nullifies the aspect of queues at the exit point. Effective help desk facilities reduce the concerns of tourists and children regarding the possession of PayWave cards. The tourists and the children are provided with the access to approach the front desk personnel, who advise them to deposit temporary cash. With this deposit, they are assured about the issue of the PayWave cards, which will give them the right to shop their required items (Pan Nguyen, 2015). The exit process, for the tourists and children would be same as the member customers. However, tracks of the balance are maintained by the cashiers for assisting the customers in their purchases in future. There is an alarm, which rings for making the customers aware about the insufficient amount. Extra overheads are incurred in the RFID reader chip in case every item is tagged. Financial absorption is done in this case for the sake of the customers, who are in a hurry to finish their shopping (Raja et al., 2013). At various stations, the customers are briefed about the items, which are there in their trolley. This facility alarms the customers regarding the items, which they have purchased along with their amount. This is displayed in the form of a list. Time is noted for which the customers park their cars in the supermarket parking lot. This is done very specifically during the peak shopping hours to avoid traffic congestions in the shopping complex. In these peak shopping seasons, the parking rates are very high. On the other hand, the parking rates are nil in the non-peak periods. Here, the customers are not charged for parking the cars in the shopping complex (Orel Kara, 2014). The detailed description of the business operations reflects the systematic approach of the personnel towards the comfort of the customers. Herein, there is a need for recruiting skilled and efficient personnel, who possess adequate knowledge about operating the automatic functions of opening and closing the door of the supermarket upon the waves of the customers. Along with this, the managers need to monitor the performance of the officers in terms of enhancing the field of customer satisfaction. For this, CCTV can be an efficient means. Along with this, security guards are needed at the entrance and exits. This would mitigate the chances of robbery and theft within the supermarket (Lee, 2013). For this, identity verification can be done at the entrance as well as exit points. Here, conscious and rational approach is needed for preventing thefts and robbers from entering into the supermarkets. Therefore, before issuing the PayWave cards, the personnel need to verify the location as well as the background of the persons. This is very important in case of the tourists. Apart from this, installation of CCTV cameras inside the supermarket would help the managers to inspect the activities of the supermarket. For this, the managers need to be active online during the shopping hours (Agnihotri et al. 2016). Monitoring turn by turn would be a wise step for the managers as it is not possible for one manager to sit for long and see the happenings of the internal environment of the supermarket. At every station or department of the supermarket, one staff can be posted, who would arrange the purchased items for the customers. These staffs need to be properly dressed and wearing ID cards during the duty hours need to be made mandatory for the staffs. Before starting the shopping hours, the managers need to verify whether the staffs are in proper attire along with their ID cards (Wirtz et al., 2013). This would create a good image in the minds of the customers, generating within them an urge to indulge in a stable relationship with the personnel. For achieving positive outcomes in this direction, the staffs need to be trained about the treatment, which they need to adopt for the achievement of large scale customer satisfaction. However, as the operations of the supermarket are entirely technological, the staffs need to be trained about the effective and judicious operation of the technologies. Additional recommendations for improving customer services Improvement of the customer service is an agent in terms of enhancing the reputation of Oz supermarket. For this, persistent efforts are needed from the marketing personnel as well as the managers. The managers need to sit in meetings and discussions with the board of directors regarding the adoption of innovation in the existing business operations (Saeidi et al., 2015). Involvement of the stakeholders and shareholders in these meetings would broaden the perspectives of the personnel. This would result in the introduction of lucrative offers, schemes and discounts for the customers. As an example, introducing discounts on shopping during the peak seasons on purchase of a stipulated amount would help the marketing personnel of Oz supermarket to attract large number of customers. Along with this, hiring sponsors and celebrities would help the personnel to enhance the brand image of the supermarket (Agnihotri et al., 2016). Preparing catchy advertisements for the newly launched offers, schemes and discounts would result in the promotion of the supermarket. Adopting the means of social media would help the personnel of Oz supermarket to increase the trafficking of the audience towards the brand image. Displaying attractive images for advertising the newly launched services or products would appeal the customers to visit the supermarket at least once. Organizing contests like sending selfies with the purchased service and products would popularize the fame of the supermarket (Orel Kara, 2014). Moreover, these types of contests enhance the stability in the relationship between the company and the customers. Maintenance and preservation of this stability is the keystone towards the provision of better services in future. The technological nature of the business operations necessitates the need of advanced and modern security. If the membership code of the customer is sent to the IT faculty upon his identity verification, his entire details and information can be matched in terms of reducing the instances of robbery, thefts, and smuggling among others. Once it is verified that the code is secured and registered with the company, a password can be generated, which needs to be secured for safeguarding the customers from instances of cyber crimes (Pan Nguyen, 2015). Therefore, when the customer waves the PayWave card, his password along with other details would be sent to the manager. Along with the identity verification, the luggage verification is important. The customer after the identity verification needs to submit heavy luggage. However, handbags can be allowed within the supermarket, but it needs to be sealed. Along with this, outside eatables need to be prohibited inside the supermarket, for making the premises clean. The customers need to throw the wastes in the dustbins. The staffs need to be extra conscious regarding these issues. Food courts can be established within the supermarket premises. For this, the personnel need to organize meetings with the property owners, stakeholders and shareholders. Drafts regarding the highlights of the meetings need to be sent to the managers and directors for achieving their approval (Jeston Nelis, 2014). Records of these drafts are important in terms of averting illegal instances and unnecessary courtly interventions. Approval from the higher authorities results in a second round of meetings regarding how to proceed with the proposed plans. Exposing a strategic approach in these activities would help the personnel of Oz supermarket to achieve positive outcomes. Within this, serving the customers with fusion foods would help the marketing personnel to satisfy the specific tastes and preferences of the customers. Adopting the means of survey and feedback would make the personnel aware about the reactions of the customers regarding the levied services. Social networking sites and official websites need to be regularly tracked for making the services according to the needs, demands and requirements of the customers (Trkman et al., 2015). Failure in terms of regularizing the activity of checking the feedbacks posted by the customers would make the supermarket lag behind in the aspect of customer satisfaction. Incapability to spontaneously make up the mistakes would add vulnerability to the market position of Oz supermarket. Moreover, this incapability would provide the contemporary supermarkets of Australia with competitive edge. On the other hand, dedication and commitment exposed by the marketing personnel would act as a cornerstone for Oz supermarket in terms of achieving sustainable growth in the competitive ambience of the market (Gummesson, 2014). The most common motive in the competitive ambience is to grab hold of the hot seat for the attainment of professional development. This motive would not take the personnel of Oz supermarket to the needs, demands and requirements of the customers. However, revealing persistent efforts in experimenting with the existing products and services would upgrade the standards and quality of marketing. Herein lays the need for evaluation, which would enhance the awareness of the personnel regarding the derived outcome with the identified and specified goals and objectives (Raja et al., 2013). This awareness would be a slow and gradual progression towards the benchmark level of performance. Finance is one of the crucial elements, which helps the personnel to plan better services for the customers. Therefore, prior to introducing new plans, the marketing personnel of Oz supermarket need to speculate the financial condition. This speculation would help in estimating the additional monetary assistance. Indulging in partnership with the trade union members would help the personnel of the supermarket to achieve financial flexibility. This flexibility, in turn, would be assistance in setting reasonable prices of the items (Lee, 2013). This assessment would align with the affordability of the customers, especially the ones belonging to the middle class. Moreover, partnership with the members of the trade union would safeguard the supermarket from scandals and other illegal issues. In order to achieve customer satisfaction, the most important thing is to value the opinions of the customers. For this, eagerness and willingness is required from the personnel for devoting their professionalism towards serving the customers (Wirtz et al., 2013). This is because if customers are happy, they will make more purchases, which will increase the sales revenue and add maximum value to the profit margin. References Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M. Y., Krush, M. T. (2016). Social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales.Industrial Marketing Management,53, 172-180. Gummesson, E. (2014). Productivity, quality and relationship marketing in service operations: A revisit in a new service paradigm.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(5), 656-662. Jeston, J., Nelis, J. (2014).Business process management. Routledge. Lee, H. S. (2013). Major moderators influencing the relationships of service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty.Asian Social Science,9(2), 1. Orel, F. D., Kara, A. (2014). Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), 118-129. Pan, J. N., Nguyen, H. T. N. (2015). Achieving customer satisfaction through productservice systems.European Journal of Operational Research,247(1), 179-190. Raja, J. Z., Bourne, D., Goffin, K., akkol, M., Martinez, V. (2013). Achieving customer satisfaction through integrated products and services: An exploratory study.Journal of Product Innovation Management,30(6), 1128-1144. Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), 341-350. Trkman, P., Mertens, W., Viaene, S., Gemmel, P. (2015). From business process management to customer process management.Business process management journal,21(2), 250-266. Wirtz, J., Den Ambtman, A., Bloemer, J., Horvth, C., Ramaseshan, B., Van De Klundert, J., ... Kandampully, J. (2013). Managing brands and customer engagement in online brand communities.Journal of Service Management,24(3), 223-244.

The Pyramids Of Egypt Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Pyramids Of Egypt Essay, Research Paper In my study, I will discourse how the pyramids were built, what intent they served, the three pyramids at Giza, some messages found on the rocks that were used to construct pyramids, and what a mastabas is. Pyramids are tombs built for Egypt # 8217 ; s Pharaoh. Pyramids are big constructions with four sides that are the form of a trigon, that meet at the top to organize a point. The antediluvian Egyptians used the pyramids as grave for the Pharaoh and temples for their Gods. The pyramids hold one or two small temples attached to them, which holds their relations and retainers. A few pyramids still stand today, and are great attractive forces for tourers. The pyramids were built by taking blocks of granite to the workshop, mensurating the blocks down to size, determining the blocks, and puting the blocks into the organic structure of the pyramid. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pyramids Of Egypt Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nucleus of the construction is now completed. Then, you place the limestone blocks on the top of the construction ( they started seting the blocks on top and so worked their manner down ) . They left two empty suites to put the Pharaoh and his properties in. They sealed the pyramids so good, it took four hundred old ages for two robbers to calculate out how to acquire in. The pyramids were built by free citizens, drafted for public work, non by slaves of any kind. The pyramids were built by four 1000 expert rock sculpturers all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. An excess work group of about 95 thousand work forces worked on the pyramids during the four month period of the flood ( the clip of implemented idling for husbandmans, since the field were covered with the Nile H2O inundation ) . The pyramids were built between the twelvemonth 1600 B.C. and the twelvemonth 2700. Many bookmans believe that the ground why the pyramids were built in a triangular signifier is because it has a spiritual significance to the Egyptians. The aslant side might hold reminded the Egyptians of the slanting beams of the Sun, that the Pharaoh # 8217 ; s psyche could mount to the sky and fall in the Gods. In the pyramids they buried the Pharaoh # 8217 ; s organic structure. There was a chamber for the organic structure. There was besides a chamber for hoarded wealths of gold and other invaluable points for the Pharaoh # 8217 ; s hereafter. Sometimes a boat is placed inside so the Pharaoh would hold a manner to transport himself into his hereafter. In Pharaoh Cheopses pyramid, therewas his ma, caskets full of gems, furniture inlaid with tusk and gold, Ag and alabaster bowls and vass, thoraxs filled with vesture and cherished decorations, and jars filled full of nutrient and vino. You must believe that the pyramids must hold been big to keep all of that, and as a affair of fact the base of the pyramid screens plenty country to keep ten football Fieldss. The three pyramids at Giza stand on the west bank of the Nile River, outside of Cairo. They are the largest and best preserved pyramids. The largest of the three was for Pharaoh Khufu ( Cheops ) . The following to largest was for Pharaoh Khafre. The smallest ( yet non little at all ) was for Pharaoh Menkaure. The first known Pharaoh to hold a pyramid was Pharaoh Zoser, in the twelvemonth 2650 B.C. Imhotep built it for him. If you of all time see something that looks like a pyramid, except it # 8217 ; s smaller than one, and has a level top, don # 8217 ; t misidentify it for a pyramid, it # 8217 ; s a mastabas. In the mastabas the male monarch # 8217 ; s relations and retainers are buried. Some blocks had Markss on them to demo where they belonged. Others had messages like # 8221 ; this side up # 8220 ; , # 8221 ; vigorous pack # 8221 ; , or even # 8221 ; how drunk the male monarch is # 8220 ; . In decision, the pyramids were built by free, drafted, citizens. Pyramids were used to bury the Pharaoh. The messages on the rocks were decoded. The three pyramids at the Giza were the largest, and a mastabas is non a pyramid. 469 CASSON, LIONEL. ANCIENT EGYPT. Canada: TIME INCORPORATED,1965. NEWBY, P.H. THE EGYPT STORY, ITS ART, ITS MONUMENTS, ITS PEOPLE, ITS HISTORY.ITALY: ABBEVILLE PRESS,1979 PAYNE, ELIZABETH.THE PHARAOHS OF ANCIENT EGYPT.NEW York: RANDOM HOUSE INCORPORATED,1984.

Television is Close to Reality essays

Television is Close to Reality essays Television is close to reality- the madness of TV is the madness of life I believe that the statement that television is close to reality is true. The whole world revolves around television. Most people have a television in which they use to find out what happens daily in the news. Television is what keeps us informed about reality and what happens. The madness we see on our television is very similar to the madness of the American life. 3 reasons why I believe this statement are televisions playing shows from true stuff that has happen. Another reason would be how kids are with the television and because how people follow things they see on television. There are many television shows that are based on true stories. There are movies that shows events that have really happened in our country. The examples can be the war movies and how they make it close to reality. They have made many movies that have aired on our television about peoples lives. This shows that our television is very close to reality. This shows that the Another thing that shows us the closeness between what is on TV and reality are the little children. The youngsters watch TV and learn from what they see. Sometimes the things the kids see they try and to copy. This could lead to violence or something else. The reality that kids do what they see on TV is what shows the madness of TV. The TV is able to teach kids by the TV shows they watch. The point is that if a child watches Barney he can learn different things that can help him learn. If a little kid were to watch a show with violence I agree with the quote because people follow TV. People copy what the famous people do and wear. For example, a famous star starts wearing a new brand he or she created. Many fans of this super star ...

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Impacted Slavery

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Impacted Slavery The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a very early federal law passed by Congress in the era of the Articles of Confederation. Its main purpose was to create a legal structure for the settlement of land in five present day states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In addition, a major provision of the law prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. Key Takeaways: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Ratified by Congress July 13, 1787.Prohibited slavery in territories north of the Ohio River. It was the first federal law to address the issue.Created a three-step process for new territories to become states, which established important precedents for the incorporation of new states through the 19th and 20th centuries. Significance of the Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance, ratified by Congress on July 13, 1787, was the first law to create a structure by which new territories could follow a three-step legal path to become a state equal to the original 13 states, and was the first substantial action by Congress to deal with the issue of slavery. In addition, the law contained a version of a Bill of Rights, which set out individual rights in the new territories. The Bill of Rights, which was later added to the U.S. Constitution, contained some of those same rights. The Northwest Ordinance was written, debated, and passed in New York City during the same summer that the U.S. Constitution was being debated at a convention in Philadelphia. Decades later, Abraham Lincoln prominently cited the law in an important anti-slavery speech in February 1860, which made him a credible presidential contender. As Lincoln noted, the law was proof that some of the nations founders accepted that the federal government could play a role in regulating slavery. Necessity of the Northwest Ordinance When the United States emerged as an independent nation, it immediately faced a crisis about how to handle the large tracts of lands to the west of the 13 states. This area, known as the Old Northwest, came into American possession at the end of the Revolutionary War. Some states claimed ownership of western lands. Other states which asserted no such claim argued that the western land rightfully belonged to the federal government, and should be sold to private land developers. States gave up their western claims, and a law passed by Congress, the Land Ordinance of 1785, established an orderly system of surveying and selling western lands. That system created orderly grids of townships designed to avoid the chaotic land grabs which had occurred in the territory of Kentucky. (That system of surveying is still evident today; airplane passengers can clearly see the orderly fields laid out in Midwestern states such as Indiana or Illinois.) The problem with western lands was not entirely solved, however. Squatters who refused to wait for an orderly settlement began to enter western lands, and were chased off at times by federal troops. Wealthy land speculators, who wielded influence with Congress, sought a stronger law. Other factors, especially anti-slavery sentiment in the northern states, also came into play. Key Players As Congress struggled to deal with the problem of land settlement, it was approached by Manasseh Cutler, a scholarly resident of Connecticut who had become a partner in a land company, the Ohio Company of Associates. Cutler suggested some of the provisions which became part of the Northwest Ordinance, in particular the prohibition of slavery north of the Ohio River. The official author of the Northwest Ordinance is generally considered to be Rufus King, a member of Congress from Massachusetts as well as a member of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. An influential member of Congress from Virginia, Richard Henry Lee, agreed with the Northwest Ordinance because he felt it protected property rights (meaning it didnt interfere with slavery in the South). Path to Statehood In practice, the Northwest Ordinance created a three-step process for a territory to become a state of the Union. The first step was that the president would appoint a governor, a secretary, and three judges to administer the territory. In the second step, when the territory reached a population of 5,000 free white adult males, it could elect a legislature. In the third step, when the territory reached a population of 60,000 free white residents, it could write a state constitution and, with congressional approval, it could become a state. The provisions in the Northwest Ordinance created important precedents by which other territories would become states in the 19th and 20th centuries. Lincoln's Invocation of the Northwest Ordinance In February 1860, Abraham Lincoln, who was not widely known in the East, traveled to New York City and spoke at Cooper Union. In his speech he argued that the federal government had a role to play in regulating slavery, and had, indeed, always played such a role. Lincoln noted that of the 39 men who gathered to vote on the Constitution in the summer of 1787, four also served in Congress. Of those four, three voted in favor of the Northwest Ordinance, which, of course, contained the section prohibiting slavery north of the Ohio River. He further noted that in 1789, during the first Congress to assemble following the ratification of the Constitution, a law was passed to enforce the provisions of the ordinance, including the prohibition of slavery in the territory. That law passed through Congress without objection, and was signed into law by President George Washington. Lincolns reliance on the Northwest Ordinance was significant. At the time, there were fierce debates over slavery splitting the nation. And pro-slavery politicians often claimed that the federal government should have no role in regulating slavery. Yet Lincoln had deftly demonstrated that some of the same people who had written the Constitution, including even the nations first president, clearly saw a role for the federal government in regulating slavery. Sources: Northwest Ordinance. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Research in Context.Congress, U.S. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The Constitution and Supreme Court, Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Research in Context.LEVY, LEONARD W. Northwest Ordinance (1787). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, edited by Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, p. 1829. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Asian philosphy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Asian philosphy - Article Example The first major problem that generally applies to most Indian translations such as Yoga Sutra is the absence of moral significance particularly due to the western domination. On the other hand, the second major problem with the current translation is specific to Yoga Sutra and is largely attributed to the failure to make clear distinctions between Yoga and other Indian school of philosophies such as Advaita Vedanta and Sankhya. Ranganathan The new translation of Yoga Sutra not only elaborates the moral and philosophical insights of Patanjali’s philosophy but also lays bare its originality within the context of tradition (Ranganathan 26). In my view this is has been particularly achieved through increased sensitivity to translation theory as well as paying more attention to the theoretical nature of the moral of â€Å"Tharma† In my view, although Yoga primarily stands for meditation of the mind, the contemporary parlance has shifted its reference to include the philosophical aspects of the tradition. Some of the Patanjali’s non Yoga historical sources include Buddhism, Judaism, Sankhya and Jainism. However, Patanjali is closely associated with Sankhya tradition more than any other philosophy schools. Lastly, the originality of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra philosophy is particularly evidenced by the way he has effectively blended and synthesized the various traditions he has drawn

Development Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development Strategy - Essay Example and growth of specialized stores the competitive landscape became much more diversified. 'Boots operates in an extremely competitive environment where the pace of decision-making and speed of implementation is integral to success," said Boots' chief executive Richard Baker.' (WWD, Jan 23, 2004, p.13). In response to the changes of the environmental factors Boots Group has undertaken a number of measures. Among them are launch of the customer loyalty programmes, sale of non-core business branches, plans for merger etc. One of the examples is the loyalty programme that has been commenced early in the year. 'Customers earn four points for every 1 [pounds sterling] spent. They can buy goods with points, each point advantage card earned being worth a penny. Customers can also collect points on the Boots website, boots.com, but can't spend them on the site.' (Grocer, Feb 19, 2005 p45) The possibility to unite the efforts and capabilities with one more strong market player is for Boots Group another way of addressing the struggle for profits in a competitive environment. In October 2005 the company announced that 'it has been in talks for about six months regarding a merger with rival Alliance UniChem. The transaction was approved by both companies' respective executive boards and shareholders and is expected to be finalized in April, 2006.' (Hoovers 2005) The America's Intelligence Wire, Oct 3, 2005 noted that 'the merger comes after Boots. . .refused to reiterate profit guidance for the year amid slowing U.K. consumer spending and competition with Britain's top retailer, Tesco PLC'. Taken into account that the shareholders and potential investors are two more integral parts of the company's business environment, the rumours about possible merger that have been circulating for six months had significant influence on the stock performance. The ambiguity of the future outcome has partially caused the decline in the stock price earlier in the year followed by the increase after the announcement of merger has been made. (Reuters Quote 2005). The goal of the merger is to create 'an international, pharmacy-led company with a combined turnover of L13.0 billion ($23.11 billion), to operate under the name Alliance Boots. However, their proposal might yet be scuppered as several private-equity firms are reported to be looking at making a bid for Boots following the news that it is up for sale. Among these are KKR, Permira and Apax'. (Pharma Marketletter, Oct 10, 2005 p0) Another environmental aspect that becomes more and more important with the course of Boots expansion into the US market is the economic, social and political factors and the specifics of this market. The groups plan to gain strength in the US retail market in the upcoming few years: The firm is boosting its beauty product presence in U.S. retail partners CVS and Target, and by this fall, Boots beauty items will be offered in 130 stores, up from 32, which will give it entry into the key markets of Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Dallas, Minneapolis and suburban New York and Boston. This effort will also help the retailer gather data on how to successfully expand here nationwide in 2006 within these retailers. (Moore 2005, p.1) Organizational Audit The internal environment of the Boots Company is built upon a strong notion of

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Example for Free

Organic Food and Wild Oats Essay Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy StrengthsWeaknesses Strong revenue growth Focused growth strategy Wide product portfolioWeak international operations Conservative international policy Increasing rental expenses OpportunitiesThreats Higher demand for organic products. Expansion in the UK Growth in private label productsIncreasing competition Labeling and other regulations Slowdown in the US economy AI Global Management. 8-26-14. INSTRUCTOR: Who wasnt here last week? Im looking at Michelle. So you are the only one that wasnt here last week? Mrs. Johnson were you here last week. Im going to pass out the assignments for next week for you. STUDENT: The PowerPoint one. INSTRUCTOR: Whole foods. So what you had to do just to remind everybody you have to take a look at those two companies, and do some research, did find out strategically what really happened? STUDENT: Do you have extra copies? I wasnt here last week. INSTRUCTOR: I thought I asked who wasnt here last week? Okay. We have to strategically do some research on both of these companies. You have your case study in front of you very thorough. You have to find out what kind of decision was made that created really an issue for Wild Oats because initially when this company was put together, they were killing Whole Foods. They were Whole Foods before Whole Foods existed. They were doing wonderful. Growing, expanding in the same type of market. I know both cases, so I know a lot of answers, but all of a sudden some decision was made in their minds relatively strategic, but it turned out to be some pretty bad decisions. How many of you has heard of Wild Oats. All of us have heard of Whole Foods because they are in existence. So you have to run this as if you are the CEO of both take both sides. Compare and contrast and take a look at Wild Oats, and what happened to them. Take a look at the great decision, and then things started going south relatively quickly for them. Yet Whole Foods was the underdog. Now Whole Foods is doing. Well, I guess. Manufacture moving forward.

Track :: essays research papers

Track My heart beating loudly in my chest is the only sound I can here. The air, whipping past my face, tries to curb my inertia but I just press on harder and harder. As I make my turn to go into the straight-away, the next man in the relay team comes into sight. I push my legs harder and harder, but I cannot make them move any faster. There is only one hundred meters left to go before the instant I have to pass the baton the next runner. As I am speeding down the lane like a jet about to lift off, I see the fans cheering in my peripheral vision but I remain focused on my objective ahead of me. I move closer and closer to the red zone, now counting my steps and pacing off the distance in my mind to the sprinter ahead of me. I ready myself and keep telling myself "be patient, wait" then ....."Go," I yell as he harnesses his adrenaline for a good start. I again have to make another critical, split second decision. When should I give him the baton? There can be no mistakes on the hand off. If I miscalculate my steps, it could be disastrous for the team. As I sprint at his newly energized heels, I yell "Stick!" He reaches his arm back in a robotic- like manner and I slam the baton in his hand, so he will not lose a handle on it. It is a successful hand-off and my body jars, as I try to bring myself to a quick stop. My journey is over but the next runner's has just begun. Track is a big part of my life and it holds much more significance to me than just running. I would not even get the opportunity to set foot on the track if I did not practice several hours a day, running the same stretch of track twenty times over. This may seem like insanity to others but to me it is a way to focus my energy and discipline my mind, as well as my body. Running a race to me is like life; you have to pace yourself and being better than the next guy is a must. Like one who does not receive a promotion in business for not working to their potential, I will not make varsity if I do not strive to be the best I can be, on and off the track. The Baton is my hopes and aspirations and Track :: essays research papers Track My heart beating loudly in my chest is the only sound I can here. The air, whipping past my face, tries to curb my inertia but I just press on harder and harder. As I make my turn to go into the straight-away, the next man in the relay team comes into sight. I push my legs harder and harder, but I cannot make them move any faster. There is only one hundred meters left to go before the instant I have to pass the baton the next runner. As I am speeding down the lane like a jet about to lift off, I see the fans cheering in my peripheral vision but I remain focused on my objective ahead of me. I move closer and closer to the red zone, now counting my steps and pacing off the distance in my mind to the sprinter ahead of me. I ready myself and keep telling myself "be patient, wait" then ....."Go," I yell as he harnesses his adrenaline for a good start. I again have to make another critical, split second decision. When should I give him the baton? There can be no mistakes on the hand off. If I miscalculate my steps, it could be disastrous for the team. As I sprint at his newly energized heels, I yell "Stick!" He reaches his arm back in a robotic- like manner and I slam the baton in his hand, so he will not lose a handle on it. It is a successful hand-off and my body jars, as I try to bring myself to a quick stop. My journey is over but the next runner's has just begun. Track is a big part of my life and it holds much more significance to me than just running. I would not even get the opportunity to set foot on the track if I did not practice several hours a day, running the same stretch of track twenty times over. This may seem like insanity to others but to me it is a way to focus my energy and discipline my mind, as well as my body. Running a race to me is like life; you have to pace yourself and being better than the next guy is a must. Like one who does not receive a promotion in business for not working to their potential, I will not make varsity if I do not strive to be the best I can be, on and off the track. The Baton is my hopes and aspirations and

Child Labour Essay

INTRODUCTION GOD has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discreation to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reasons why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure.Children are the flowers of heaven they are the most beautiful and purest creation.They are the beauty of this world.They are innocent.but there are such kind of students who cannot go to schooldue to financial problems.They only watch others go to school and can merely wish to seek knowledge.it is due to many difficulties,desperate conditions that they face in life DEFINATION Child labour can also be defined as the full time employment of children who are under a minimum legal age. Where does most child labour occur? OF an estimated 215 child labourers around the globe: approximately 115 million(53%) are in Asia and the pacific;14 million(7%) line in latin America; and 65 million (30%) live in Africa. Works on it. Many organizations like UNICEIF, ILO, whoes main object is to prevent child labour .These are the international organization which prevent child labour globaly. INTERVIEW I visited The Eatspot, a roadside restaurant , this weekend. No, this story is not a restaurant review about the dry biryani or hot lassi. It is not about the silly waiters dressed like nervous fresh MBA grads from a college, with white shirts and uncomfortable ties. It is about Nizamuddin. The little boy who poured water into my glass and cleared out my table. He was too small, skinny. His hairs were dry and rough and certainly would not have been oiled for months now.He was hardly four and a half feet tall, not a trace of facial hair. He couldn’t have been a day older than 12 .His shirt on his body was there for namesake and his trouser did not fit him. One of his hands used to hold it on his waist and he had the innovative technique of fastening it with a rope of brittle plastic threads. He was standing expressionless just like an old stuffed toy.He walked around nervously with a heavy jug of water. His eyes darted across the room like a scared rabbit, scanning the place for empty tumblers that needed a refill. . He caught me staring at him and looked back, wondering whether to smile, or look away. And then, with those wide innocent eyes filled with confusion, he gave me a slow, hesitant smile then he came to me started pouring water into jug. There was this c hild here pouring water and removing used plates from tables when he should have been kicking around a football on that hot Saturday afternoon. He was trying to satisfy strangers in that dark restaurant when should have been out with his friends, laughing and teasing his school teachers. The Eatspot was one of those dirty roadside eateries that gave a damn about the laws of the land, The dormant social activist in me got all fired up, and I summoned the boy and asked him What’s your age? (Twelve) he said. Then i said that you can’t work here.Because its against law listening to what I said that he cannot work any longer, tears started flowing from the young chap’s eyes. The little chap was looking at me still. (you do understand urdu, are not you?) I asked him do you have any problem. I don’t have any but the Government has Sir, it’s difficult at home. Dad committed  suicide, mom washes clothes for others, two sisters at home, I am studying by doing work at here, I get some money that is too critical for us†¦) I had no answers. Now, it was my turn to stand there blankly I understand your problem brother No!†¦) he interrupted  you wont understand my problem. I want to study, for that I am ready to work. But you force me to become a beggar. You are forcing me to beg. If your kids sing or dance in TV, they get money, fame and are appreciated in papers.. But if I wanted to work.nobody helps me How can you explain me this?) I never expected a kid t o talk like this but I realized that his experiences in life made him speak so. the restaurent owner called him so he walked away holding his trousers with both hands. All I could do is to stare at him silently, helplessly. I said to myself, â€Å"i should find out the definition for child labor. Reasons Lack of earning during learning. Unemployment. Excess population. Lack of laws against child oppression. Orphans. Drop outs of schools. Illiteracy and uneducated people. Large family size and unemployment people. Urbanization. Poverty. SUGGESTIONS Primary education. Get rid poverty. Our overseas aid. Ban the worst forms. Give the jobs of child workers to their adult relations could be build homes for those children that are living in the streets. Government should make laws to prevent child labour and find solutions. OUR POINT OF VIEW The present goverment has made elementry education compulsory along with this ,the goverment has distributed free books in primary schools so that parents,who cannot afford thier children ‘s school expenses,send their children to schools.The major point is that this decion must be acted upon at all levels.There is strict need to stop child labour in this country.Awareness must be raised and the attentionof parents ought to be diverted to the education of their children.Child labour laws should be put into practice strictly.The orphans and other deserving children must be helped financially on a prolonged basis. IF we suceed to act upon these principals,our country can easily get rid of this problem and that is child labour.

Assignment: Human Rights Essay

Answers for 10 marks questions should be written within 350 – 450 words. Answers for 8 marks questions should be written within 250– 350 words. Answers for 5 mark questions should be writtenwithin 150 – 200 words. Answers for 2 mark questions should be answered as per the requirement. ___________________________________________________________________ Note: Each question carries 10 Marks. Answer all the questions. 1. What are the three parts of the concept of equality? Discuss on Gender Equality. (2 + 8 = 10 marks) 2. Describe biodiversity and cultural diversity. (5 + 5 = 10 marks) 3. Explain Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. (10 marks) 4. Discuss derogable and non-derogable rights. (10 marks) 5. Discuss Salmond’s views on duties and rights. (10 marks) 6. Explain Multilateral Treaties. (10 marks) 1. What are the three parts of the concept of equality? Discuss on Gender Equality. (2 + 8 = 10 marks) Three Parts of concept of equality are as under. 1 Gender Equality 2. Economic Equality 3. Social Equality Gender Equality Gender equality has been defined by the various world bodies in terms of human rights, specially the right woman and economic development. Gender equality has been defined by UNCEF as â€Å"Leaving the playing fields for girls and woman by ensuring that all children have equal opportunity to develop their talent†. It has been declared by the United Nation Population Fund that woman has right to equality. â€Å" Gender equity† is one of the goals of the United Nations millennium project the project claims , â€Å"Every single goal is directly related to woman’s right, and societies where woman are not afforded equal rights as men never achieved development in sustainable manner.† In late 19th centuries the suffragette movement started in western countries who achieved gender equality major focus on property rights in marriage, gender liberation and feminism that resulted in changes made in to the laws. Now movement continued to focus on change in attitude of society on specific issues. That has led to make another changes in lawa related to anti sex discrimination. It was also seen a cultural shift in the attitude to equality in education opportunity for both boys and girls and also resulted in changes to social view regarding equal pay for equal work for both men and woman. Now it can be seen in so many countries that woman are working in the areas that were primarily considered to be man’s work like woman are working in Army, police, aviation and fire fighters. It has also been seen that men are also associated to the work that was meant for woman only. Another change has been seen that in most countries woman have stopped taking the surname of her husband. Though these changes are more common in western countries but lot has to be done in nonwestern countries as far as change in attitude of society towards gender equality. I believe that continuous movement will definitely help to change the attitude of society towards gender equality 2. Describe biodiver sity and cultural diversity. (5 + 5 = 10 marks) Biodiversity It defines as a degree of variation of life forms within a society or ecosystem. Biodiversity is necessary for existence of healthy ecosystem.In modern world lot of changes in ecosystem is being made by human that is directly affecting in negative to the ecosystem that is resulting in to unbalancing the ecosystem that subsequently lead to extinction of some to many species in longer period of time. It has been seen that some species are not existing or extinct from the planet and it can be thought that it was never discovered. Lots of changes are being made in terms of cutting the trees, urbanization leads to destroy of forest leading to unbalanced ecosystem. Efforts are also being made in terms of lots of movement like eco-feminism, social ecology and concept of unity in diversity. Unity in diversity is basic attribute of healthy eco – communities. Cultural diversity There are so many cultures in planet with different traditions that basically creates cultural diversity. People are generally understands and learn different cultures and traditions when they meet each other. Lots of multicultural events are organized intra and inter countries manner that leads to helping people to understand different cultures and traditions. Sometime it is being seen that people don’t believe in the multicultural activities because they are afraid of losing their identity in form of their culture. Here conflict arise that if diversity is considered as threat to the preservation of one’s own tradition. To overcome this issue it is important to study these tradition and reexamine the cultural practice to avoide such conflicts this might help in clearing various misconceptions and offer resolution to contemporary conflicts. These studies will help to understand that why cultures and traditions are important for the human existence Every individual or human being should try to understand the cultural diversities in his own society then to region and countries .A person should be beware of adopting any maladaptive institution which is distractive for human psyche itself. 3. Explain Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. (10 marks) Convention of the rights of child was adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by general assembly resolution 44/25 of 20th nov. 1989 and enterd in to force on 2nd sept 1990 in accordance with article 45. Overview of the article is as under 1. Children shall have the right to such protection and care as is necessary for their well-being. They may express their views freely. Such views shall be taken into consideration on matters which concern them in accordance with their age and maturity. 2. In all actions relating to children, whether taken by public authorities or private institutions, the child’s best interests must be a primary consideration. 3. Every child shall have the right to maintain on a regular basis a personal relationship and direct Contact with both his and her parents, unless that is contrary to his or her interests. Article 24 of the convention on the rights of the rights of the child can be explained as given below. 1 State parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health.State parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services. 2. State parties shall persue full implementation of this right and shall take appropriate measures – A. To diminish child and infant mortality B . To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with emphasis on the development of primary healthcare C. To combat diseases and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary healthcare D To ensure appropriate prenatal and post natal healthcare for mothers. E To develop preventive healthcare, guidance for parents, and family planning education and services. 3. State parties shall tke all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolish traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. 4. State parties undertake to promote and encourage international cooperation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization right recognized in present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of the developing countries 4. Discuss derogable and non-derogable rights. (10 marks) When rights are discussed we considered them as absolute and non derogable because of their importance and also because they are so basic in constituting the human worth of the individual. The term ‘non-derogable’ is generally used in a legal context to stipulate those rights specified in a treaty that states cannot violate under any circumstances. These differ from derogable rights. However, there are certain rights that are considered to be ‘non-derogable,’ meaning that states have no legal basis, even in a state of emergency, to refuse to honour these rights. The right to life and rights protecting against torture generally fall within this category in most international human rights treaties and as part of customary international law, although others can be included depending on the treaty in question. There are some rights which are considered to be very sacred and indispensable and thus no derogation from the is permitted – Right to life Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life. —Article 6.1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Freedom from torture Torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries in the 21st century. It is considered to be a violation of human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Freedom from slavery Freedom from slavery is an internationally recognized human right. Article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Right to a fair trial Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. * the right to be heard by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal * the right to a public hearing * the right to be heard within a reasonable time * the right to counsel * the right to interpretation Freedom of speech Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without censorship. The term freedom of expression is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used. In practice, the right to freedom of speech is not absolute in any country and the right is commonly subject to limitations, such as on libel, slander, obscenity, incitement to commit a crime, etc. Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Freedom of religion Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. —Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 5. Discuss Salmond’s views on duties and rights. (10 marks) According to Salmond view ‘A duty is an obligatory act, which is to say, it is opposite of which would be a wrong. Every duty has a corresponding right. As example: A purchaser has right to buy the products from seller and seller has a duty to give the products to purchaser. According to Austin, Some duties are absolute. Those do not have a corresponding right. Such as, Not to commit a suicide or duty towards god etc. However, this view is criticizes by Gray, Pollock and Salmond. According to a Salmond, â€Å"There can be no duty without a right any more than there can be a husband without wife or a parent without a child† Types of Duty: Legal duty: A legal duty is an act which is opposite of legal wrong & which recognized by the law as duty is called Duty. Violation of this duty can bring up punishment on violator. Moral Duty: A moral duty is created by nature which is opposite of moral wrong. Sometimes a duty can be both legal & moral. Not to steal is moral & legal duty. At last, we can say that Right have a duty & if the duty cannot be maintain then it will be a Wrong. Rights By analyzing this view we can say that what is the rule right. The term ‘rule of right’ means that rule of those act which act is not harmful or conflict to people opinion. like wrongs and duties, are either moral & legal. Moral right is recognized by the rule of morality & violation of this would be a moral wrong and legal right is recognized by the rule of law & violation of this would be a legal wrong. CONCEPT OF MORAL RIGHT Moral rights are rights, which are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular society or polity. That means the right which are not recognized by law is called ‘Moral right’. As example obeying parents & teacher is moral right but not legal. If someone violate the moral right then there have no punishment or damage for it. The right, which has corresponding moral duty, is also called a moral right. As example, to get respect from the juniors in age is a moral right of the seniors, which is recognized by the society. On the other hand, the senior has a moral duty to adore the juniors, which is also a moral right of the juniors. According to Salmond on Legal right â€Å"Right is an interest recognized and protected by rule of right. It is any interest, respect for which is a duty, and the disregard of which is wrong†. 6. Explain Multilateral Treaties. (10 marks) A multilateral treaty is a written agreement between three or more sovereign states establishing the rights and obligations between the parties. They often result in international conference or gathering of nations done under the auspices of international organizations. Bilateral treaties, by contrast are negotiated between a limited number of states, most commonly only two, establishing legal rights and obligations between those two states only. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Geneva Conventions are the examples of multilateral treaties. Multilateral treaties lay down general norms of international laws or to deal in a general manner with matters of general concern to other state as well as to the parties to the treaties. Generally multilateral treaties are signed between groups of countries. Major objective to sign treaty is to ensure smooth exchange of the goods between the group countries that will lead them to develop their economy that in turn will help to increase quality of life of the people. There are more than 500 treaties have been signed between 193 members of United Nations. These treaties can draw a law framework also on the international platform that will help other non-member and member nations to do trade between them. Generally multilateral treaties are described sometimes as law making treaties but cannot be enforced as a strict rule for future agreements or for creating some international institution. Multilateral treaties neither can nor bound non signed member to abide by rules unless it creates the customary rule on international law. In this context we can say multilateral treaties can be used for law making but can not be true in every time as it does not bound nonsigned member to go by the treaty law but if treaty has been done between large group and rules made in the treaty are as per the regime of law then it can be used or described as law making treaties but this character in not with every multilateral treaty, example of law making treaty was General Treaty for Renunciation of war of August 27 1928. It is to be noted that multilateral treaty accepted an enforced by a limited number of states cannot create a general norm of international law. The codification process of international law admits of a widespread agreement upon norms and if this requirement is not fulfilled it is difficult to call that a particular multilateral treaty has created a general norm of international law.

Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essays

Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essays Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essay Why Good Girls Like Bad Boys Essay Application Paper Why Good Girls like bad boys? Just about every woman at some point in her dating life will fall for a bad boy. For example there’s Edward and Bella from the Twilight Series and there’s Uncle Jesse from Full House. A bad boy is a thug, a roughneck and a rebel without a cause or he could be the nice guy next door who’s smooth as silk, but deep down inside he’s a cold hearted person. Bad boys are the type of guys your mom warns you about but because they’ve got thug appeal your common sense goes out the window. If you ask most females why they like bad boys it’s because they like the challenge, the excitement and the thrill of living vicariously. According to evolutionary reasoning, the isolation of male and female species is not to mate but due to their reactions to each other. This occurs in many animals because the female animal becomes attracted to the male animal that stands out the most of all the other males. For example peacock’s spread their wings making themselves more vulnerable to predators as a sort of way to attract the opposite sex. Peacock’s are risking their lives which show how strong and dedicated they are towards standing out and being above all the other peacocks. Women find security, resources, and signs of commitment and long-term mates attractive while men find youth, fertility, and chastity and short-term mates attractive. Distance is also a major factor for women and even animals whether it’s close or faraway. For a typical bad boy and a good girl it is usually the good girl who really wants to make the first approach but doesn’t because she’s afraid of what he may think of her. And for the bad boy he just continues to stand out but if neither one is able to approach the other then the attraction would just end at that. I believe that there is four reasons why good girls like bad boys. The first one is the secret fear of intimacy. If a girl is attracted to guys who they cannot really have it is because they don’t want a real relationship. Girls find a bad boy so appealing because they can be with him without ever letting him get too close. This is related to the attachment theory. Because these girls haven’t had a father figure in their life they have an anxious/ambivalent attachment to the guy. This is because the girl is characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one’s desire for intimacy. Secondly, it could be that it’s a subconscious wish to bring daddy back home. As you already know the relationship you had with your father shapes the relationships you will have with other males. Growing up without a father or if he father wasn’t emotionally available can be a girls reason for wanting to find someone who can fill that void. The third reason is low self esteem. If a girl is in a relationship with a guy who lies, cheats, talks down to them, then they do not feel good about themselves. When people feel good about themselves they set standards about what they want in life. Lastly, is media brainwashing. The media has brainwashed so many people in our society. For example, the Jerry Springer Show or the latest music videos, in these you can see how the media portrays the bad boy image as every girl’s dream. Popular television and music videos try to make you believe that it is acceptable for guys to disrespect females and reduce them as sex objects and nothing more. In class we read an experiment, Dutton Aron Experiment: Some Evidence for Heightened Sexual Attraction Under Conditions of High Anxiety. The experiment showed that fear and arousal are linked. The same part of the brain is activated, the amygdala. There was an experimental bridge which was a small, rickety ridge that easily swayed and was located 230 feet above a shallow river with pointed rocks. Then there was also a control bridge which was a much wider, more stable, and stronger bridge which was located 10 feet above a relatively safe looking river. Males who crossed either bridge were approached by an attractive female and asked to fill out a questionnaire. The males were then given the female’s phone number. The attraction was measured by how many males called the females. On the experimental bridge 50% of the males called the female and on the control bridge 12% of the males called the female. Bad boys are seen as rebels: they get into fights, ride motorcycles, have enemies, etc. and being with fearful men creates fear and anxiety, which leads to arousal.

The Subjunctive Mood

The Subjunctive Mood The Subjunctive Mood The Subjunctive Mood By Jacquelyn Landis No single part of speech gives writers more grief than the mighty verb. Think about all the elements you must take into consideration when forming verbs. They have tense, number, person, voice, and mood. Where things get especially dicey is with a verbs mood, in particular, the subjunctive mood. Take a look at this sentence: I wish I was/were vacationing on a tropical island instead of at my desk working. The correct verb choice is the second one: were. It expresses the subjunctive mood, something we use to convey a wish or a condition that isnt true. And since the speaker isnt actually vacationing on a tropical island, this is a perfect case for using the subjunctive mood. Most writers will intuitively plunk in some form of a past-tense version of the verb to be in a sentence like our example. The important thing to remember about the subjunctive mood is to choose the correct version. When using the subjunctive mood, the correct version is were. One good test is to mentally add but Im not to the sentence. If that makes it a true statement, then its a likely candidate for the subjunctive mood: I wish I were vacationing on a tropical island instead of at my desk working (but Im not). If he were ten feet tall (but hes not), he could wash the windows without using a ladder. You might hear that the subjunctive mood is fading from common use, and thats probably true (Maeve wrote about that on The irrealis â€Å"were†). However, its still a hallmark of correct usage, and savvy writers will try hard to get it right. Tevye, from Fiddler on the Roof, got it right in the song If I Were a Rich Man. So did Bobby Darin in If I Were a Carpenter. It might be one of the worst songs of all time, but the grammar is spot-on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Hyper and Hypo"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?

Imagery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imagery - Essay Example I noticed that soon the sidewalk was empty, which was such a change from the hustle and bustle of people running to get to their classes. You could tell the students had all been there, with the many pieces of litter lying in the shrubs, there had been quite a lot of activity before classes started. Someone's research paper had blown into the wind and lodged itself, rather conspicuously, underneath the bushes. Perhaps there had been a scuffle and the papers were lost in the haste. I felt bad for the person whose paper it was. The grass was trampled on and there was just the silence and the sparkling pieces of cement on the concrete, which awaited the end of the day when it would be filled with the footsteps of those searching knowledge on the campus. I watched a lone man walk demurely towards the gates, either coming or going in his haste to follow his timetable. I could see the students laughing and swimming in the swimming pool. They looked like they were having so much fun. After leaving the swimming pool area we went past the lamppost that stood tall and rested as if asleep until nightfall, when it would shine like a beacon for those who needed to access the campus at that time of night. Without the students lining the walkways the sidewalks were barren.

Literary analysis for En Aquel Entonces Readings in Mexican American Essay

Literary analysis for En Aquel Entonces Readings in Mexican American History - Essay Example Subsequently, in 1993, the United States and Mexico entered into another important treaty--the North American Free Trade Agreement (hereinafter NAFTA). NAFTA created considerable controversy in the United States. It governs trade between the NAFTA parties: Canada, Mexico and the United States. The NAFTA parties trade hundreds of billions of dollars worth of goods a year. Thus, one can expect that many trade disputes will arise under NAFTA. As a result, NAFTA has provided procedures for dispute resolution. In the 1800s, many in the United States believed it was America's destiny to expand westward so as to govern the entire continent. Writing in 1845, journalist John O'Sullivan explained: The American claim is by the right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federative self-government entrusted to us. In accordance with this notion of "manifest destiny," in 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico in an effort to incorporate the western territories of California and New Mexico and certain Texas borderlands. At the war's end in 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo required Mexico to cede about half of its then existing territory. Much of the American West and Southwest was acquired by the United States in the 529,000 square mile cession by the Republic of Mexico. Thus, the United States conquered Mexico in 1848. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo completed that conquest and, therefore, completed the conquest of the Southwest. In agreeing to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico--a conquered nation--obviously had much less bargaining power than the United States. The Mexican government was under tremendous political and financial pressure to sign the Treaty. Mexican officials viewed the Treaty as a final opportunity to preserve Mexico. With the American Army just outside of Mexico City, they believed that if the war continued, all of Mexico would have been acquired by the United States. In addition, British money brokers, who had made large loans to Mexico, were pushing Mexican officials to end the war and pay off Mexico's debts. Under these circumstances, the United States virtually dictated the terms of the [Treaty]. So one-sided was the Treaty in favor of the United States that the American political party, the Whigs, who were opponents of the war, concluded that the Treaty was morally bankrupt. In particular, the Whigs argued that it was unethical to require a defeated country to "sell" its territory . Despite this, Mexico sought to provide certain rights for Mexican citizens in the territories ceded under the Treaty to the United States. Experience proves it is possible for one nationality to merge and be absorbed into another: and when it was originally an inferior and more backward portion of the human race absorption is greatly to its advantage. Nobody can suppose that it is not more beneficial to a Breton, or a Basque of French Navarre, to be brought into the current of the ideas and feelings of a highly civilized and cultivated people--to be a member of the French Nationality, admitted on equal terms to all the privileges of French citizenship--than to sulk on his own rocks, the half-savage relic of past times, revolving in his own little mental orbit, without

Identify the Most Appropriate form of Market Research in a Given Essay

Identify the Most Appropriate form of Market Research in a Given Situation and Implement that Research - Essay Example One of the main reasons that were understood in this connection is the happening of economic recession for which many social activities of the people countered a sharp decline. Further it was found that owing to the rise of the economic recession the main consumer segment that was increasingly affected constitutes the premium segment of consumers. Brand Heineken in this context reflects as have fallen in a trap in not being able to reduce the price of its products to help reach to a mass consumer base in the recessionary market. It is because a reduction in the price of the products may hamper or tarnish its brand image of being a premium product. On the other hand the inability to gain a larger market signified less of marketing and sales revenues which also restricted the brand’s ability to make any significant marketing and promotional investments leading to the problem getting intensified (Cannes Creative Lions, 2011). Having hinted on the problem the market research domai n can now consider on deciding on the attributes of the target group of people over whom research would be conducted based on questionnaires and again the budget for conducting the market research activity would be decided upon (Hague and Morgan, 2004, p.21). Market Research Market Research Objective In regards to the above context the company desired to conduct a market research activity which would help in satisfying the subject of the queries created focusing on the stated problem. The main objectives of market research were found to be threefold. Firstly the market research was conducted by the company to help sustain the brand image and market position of the brand in the premium beer market of Italy. Secondly the market research also focused to help sustain the same price for its premium products in the recessionary market. Finally the market research activities were also conducted to help the brand gain a large amount of consumer loyalty than before in the premium beer segmen t of Italy. Henceforth the market research objectives for enhancement of brand loyalty of the beer brand is found to be subjected to a specific market territory and to a specific consumer group to analyse the change in sales volume and market share (Cooklin et al., 2006, p.48). Market Research Process For the above condition the market research activity that was designed operated based on a threefold step. In the first step the market research team focused on segmenting the entire market into relevant consumer groups consisting of the target consumers. Such division was conducted based on demographic profiles of the consumers such that firstly the consumers in the age group of 18-24 were chosen. However the group for its failure to project the premium set of consumers the target group was based on the consumer segment of age group of 20-30 years who would drink the premium beer. The second focus of the market research activity targeted at helping the old consumers gain their bygone youthful

Conservation Of Forest Resources In North India Environmental Sciences Essay

Conservation Of Forest Resources In North India Environmental Sciences Essay Forests are natural umbrellas for ground surface because they protect the ground surface from erosion by falling raindrops and control radiation balance of the earth and the atmosphere by consuming increased amount of carbon dioxide released from ever increasing human volcanoes (chimneys of the factories) and thus prevent the earth from becoming too hot. Removal of forest cover exposes the ground surface to the atmospheric processes. Forest is a living resource. A large number of people of the hills and plains depend on forest resources especially in the North-Eastern Region of India. It is a renewable resource if properly managed. Deforestation can take place in no time but generation of forest takes a long time to develop into a self contained viable ecosystem.Today, there is a great awareness of the problems of forests in our country as well as in North East India. During the last one decade the forest cover of the region got depleted at an alarming rate, hence, preservation of forest is a heavy task for the region. Comprising of eight states, viz. ArunachalPradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura; Northeast India is a mega-biodiversity centre and a hotspot. The region contains more than one third of the countrys total bio-diversity and is one of the 18 recognised bio-diversity hotspots of the world. It occupies 7.7% of Indias total geographical area supporting50% of the flora of which 31.58% is endemic. It is a transitional zone between the Indian, Indo-Barman-Malaysian and Indo-Chinese regions. The region supports a rich biodiversity spanning from tropical rainforests to alpine scrubs. This rich biodiversity has a significant role in the maintenance of the ecosystem. The region is rich in orchids, ferns, oaks bamboos, rhododendrons; magnolias etc.With the shrinkage of green cover everywhere, the region is also experiencing an impact on its ecological system. The major threats to the rich biodiversity of the region are expansion of agricultural activities, over-exploitation of forests for firewood, shifting cultivation, extensive timbering, grazing, urbanization, man-made forest fires, introduction of exoticplants, ill-managed road construction, mining, etc. which lead to habitat loss and habitat fragmentation that ultimately results in biodiversity loss. Natural calamities such as landslides, floods and forest fires also result in biodiversity loss to some extent. The region is known for its age old institutional mechanisms on cultural and social values for biodiversity conservation, namely sacred groves or forests in Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland; sacred landscapes in Sikkim and sacred hilltops in Arunachal Pradesh.Conserved as the abode of lo cal dieties, these ecosystems represent remnants of ancient forests, but these practices are rapidly vanishing due to modern education and conversion of religion, which have led to the giving up of traditional and ethnic beliefs. India has strengthened its hold on biodiversity conservation by implementing the Indian Forest Act, 1927; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; the Forest (Conservation)Act, 1980; the Environment(Protection) Act, 1986; the Biodiversity Act, 2002; the Biodiversity Rule, 2004,etc. The northeastern part of India, known for its diverse and most extensive lush forest cover, is sadly one of the major regions facing severe deforestation. Forests of this region are unique structurally and species composition. It is a meeting region of temperate east Himalayan flora, palaeo-arctic flora of Tibetan highland and wet evergreen flora of south-east Asia and Yunnan forming bowl of biodiversity. One of the states of this region viz., Arunachal Pradesh occupies a significant place as a crucible for the evolution of flora in north-east India and for speciation. The Brahmaputra valley sandwiched between Eastern Himalaya in the north, Garo/Khasi/Jaintia and Mikir/Cachar/Barail hills ranges in the south; is a meeting ground of the temperate east Himalayan flora and the wet evergreen and wet deciduous floristic elements. The Khasi-Jaintia hills function as a corridor of the south-east Asia floristic elements into the Indian subcontinent through the Arakan arc. The altitudinal var iation and rainfall patterns of southwest and northeast monsoon play a significant role in the development of ecological niches in this region of India.   The forest cover of north-east India has been assessed by the government at 1, 64,043 sq. km of the total geographical area of 2,55,083 sq.km. In the states of north-east India the heaviest demand on forest is for fuel wood and agricultural lands. The precise of deforestation cannot be accurately assessed due to the remoteness of many areas from which forest is removed and the lack of written records for deforestation. The forest area of the states like Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur and Mizoram has been reducing at an alarming rate. It is to be noted that the forest areas of the plains of the north-east India are considerably below national norm. In fact during the last few decades, there has become a rapid degeneration of forest resources in the region which threatened the economy and ecology of north-east India requiring the intervention of the supreme court of India. According to an official estimate based on satellite images (survey report of FSI), northeastern region has 1, 63,799 sq.km of forest, which is about 25% of the total forest cover in the country (Anon., 2000) The management of the forest has suffered in the recent past due to pressure on land, decreasing cycle of shifting cultivation, exploitation of forest for timber and lack of scientific management strategy. The age-old practice of shifting cultivation has been a single factor responsible for the forest and land degradation, thereby changing the landscape extensively. About 0.45 million families in northeastern region annually cultivate 10,000 sq.km forests whereas total area affected by jhumming is believed to be 44,000 sq.km (Singh, 1990). Degraded secondary forests, bamboo thickets and weeds or simply barren land dominate todays jhumscapes (Toky and Ramakrishnan, 1981; Roy and Joshi, 2002) Further, the problem has been getting worse through the indiscriminate felling of trees to satisfy the ever-growing hunger of industries surviving on forest products such as paper and pulp, plywood, match stick, etc. There is an urgent need of policy measures to undo the massive losses to the green cover of this region. Unlike other regions of the country administrative control regimes of forest cover in Northeast is different. A large part of the forests in this area fall under the category of open forests with a crown density of 10-40% and only few areas qualify as dense forests i.e. of crown density of 40% or higher. According to 1995 estimates, these states including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim accounted for a loss of 791 sq. km forest area in two years viz. from 1993 to 1995 (FSI, 1996). Administrative classification of the forest cover in Northeast India State Total Reserved Protected Unclassified Total Shifting Cultivation (1987-97) Tripura 0.63 0.36 0.05 0.22 0.63 0.06 Sikkim 0.26 0.22 0.03 0.01 0.26 * Nagaland 0.86 0.01 0.05 0.80 0.86 0.39 Mizoram 1.59 0.71 0.36 0.52 1.59 0.38 Meghalaya 0.95 0.10 0.01 0.85 0.96 0.18 Manipur 1.50 0.14 0.40 0.96 1.50 0.36 Assam 3.07 1.81 0.40 0.86 3.07 0.13 Arunachal Pradesh 5.15 1.53 3.61 0.01 5.15 0.23 Total 14.01 4.88 4.91 4.23 14.02 1.73 Land Use/Land Cover in Northeast India. (Source: Anon., 2002a) Land cover (Vegetation Type) States Area (km2) Area (%) Tropical Evergreen Forest Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura 5246.202 2.001 Hollong Forest (Dipterocarpus) Arunachal Pradesh, Assam 980.87 0.374 Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram 15363.42 5.86 Moist Deciduous Forest Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura 19727.24 7.524 Riverain Arunachal Pradesh 209.36 0.08 Hollock (Terminalia sp.) Arunachal Pradesh 108.87 0.042 Sal (Shorea robusta) forest Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura 526.61 0.201 Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantation Assam 15.71 0.006 Dry Deciduous Forest Manipur 79.00 0.03 Subtropical Evergreen I Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya 20866.83 7.959 Subtropical Evergreen II Arunachal Pradesh 3559.08 1.358 Sub-Tropical Broad leaved Forest Mizoram 509.95 0.195 Broad-leaved Hill Forest Sikkim 1876.18 0.716 Mixed Pine Meghalaya 1020.07 0.389 Pine Forest Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya 1647.27 0.628 Temperate Broadleaved Arunachal Pradesh 20785.02 7.928 Mixed Temperate Forest Nagaland 509.95 0.195 Wet Temperate Forest Mizoram 448.16 0.171 Temperate Coniferous Forest Arunachal Pradesh 3190.60 1.217 Fir Forest Arunachal Pradesh 159.11 0.061 Sub-alpine and Rhododendron Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, 276.35 0.105 Total 97104.60 37.04 Land Cover States Area % Associated vegetation type Abandoned Jhum Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura. 20065.36 7.653 Open Bamboo Brakes Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura 9501.57 3.624 Degraded Forest Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura 15189.12 5.793 Subalpine and alpine Scrub Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim 2654.88 1.013 Alpine Pastures Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim 4697.66 1.792 Other Grasslands Assam, Meghalya 1971.18 0.752 Shrub/Scrub Assam 581.14 0.222 Total 151765.51 57.89 Orchards (including tea gardens) Arunachal Pradesh and Assam 6896.67 2.631 Non-forest/Current shifting cultivation/Fallow/Barren/ Alpine Barren/Agriculture/ Settlement/Others Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura,Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, MeghalyaArunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Manipur 83032.75 31.67 Cloud/Snow/Shadow 16164.00 6.165 Water Body Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram,Tripura,Nagaland, Sikkim, Manipur, Meghalya 4320.07 1.648 Total 262179.00 100 Statewise area under forest(sq. km.) in 2001:, Sl no State Geographical area Total forest Dense forest Open forest Percentage of forest area to geographical area 1 Arunachal Pradesh 83,743 68,045 53,932 14,113 81.25 2 Assam 78,438 27,714 15,830 11,884 35.33 3 Manipur 22,327 16,926 5,710 11,216 75.81 4 Meghalaya 22,429 15,584 5,681 9,903 69.48 5 Mizoram 21,081 17,494 8,936 8,558 82.98 6 Nagaland 16,579 13,345 5,393 7,952 80.49 7 Tripura 10,486 7,065 3,463 3,602 67.38 Source: state of forest report 2001. Quoted in statistical abstract, India, 2002, Forest cover in northeast India A review of the forest cover statistics of northeast India reveals some unexpected and contradictory trends. Data from the Forest Survey show an increase in forest cover of 3,398 square kilometers, an annual rate of 0.5 percent, for northeast India between 1987 and 1991, and a steady reduction in forest cover of 2,443 square kilometers, an annual rate of 0.15 percent, during the 1991-2001 periods. This increase between 1987 and 1991 seems to contradict the general perception of steady forest loss during the last decades (Barik and others 2005; Roy and Joshi 2002). North East India: Changes in Forest Cover 1987-2001 Annual rate of loss of forest cover due to shifting cultivation in north-east India: State Area affected by shifting cultivation in sq. km per year Population dependent on shifting cultivation(000) Arunachal Pradesh 703 270 Assam 700 403 Manipur 500 300 Meghalaya 760 350 Mizoram 600 260 Nagaland 730 400 Tripura 170 100 Source: report of the forest survey of India,2001 Percentage Annual Change in Forest Cover in North East India 1987-2001 :Ministry of Environment and Forest State-level data provide a clearer indication of the regional trends. The data reveal, for the period 1987-1989, a near 4 percent and over 5 percent increase in forest cover in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim respectively. This seems implausible since natural regeneration processes are typically considerably slower. Equally improbable is the annual growth rate for Tripura, which is recorded at almost 11 percent between 1999 and 2001.The reasons for this sudden expansion in forest cover are unclear, though it is suggested that the data reflect changes in methodology and scale. For instance the 2001 data include all lands with a tree canopy density of more than 10 percent, irrespective of land use. Thus tea plantations, agro- forestry plantations, and fruit orchards are all defined as forests. In addition, a number of districts previously ignored have been included in the assessments, which probably leads to some increases. Hence the Ministry of Environment and Forests cautions against temporal comparisons as technique and scale of interpretation were both different (Ministry of Environment and Forests 2001). Open and Dense Forest Developments in North East India 1997, 1999 and 2001 THE MAJOR CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION: Conversion of forest land in agricultural land: Due to the increasing population and subsequent food pressure over limited agricultural land, forest land is been brought under cultivation so that agricultural production may be substantially increased and food may be provided to hungry human population. Shifting or jhuming cultivation: Shifting cultivation is a major cause of forest lost in north-east India. The loss of forest cover due to shifting cultivation is increasing every year Overgrazing of forest of moderate cover by animals has resulted into large scale degradation of natural vegetation if not the complete destruction of forest. The deforested areas has been worst affected by grazing animals because no fresh regeneration of plant has been allowed by large herds of grazing animals. Forest fires: Forest fire whether natural or man made is effective destroyers of forest covers. Atmospheric lightning is the major source of natural forest fires besides man causes forest fire through his intentional/advertent and unintentional actions. Besides destroying vegetations, forest fires harden the ground surface which decreases the porosity of the soils and consequently there is a little infiltration of rain water. Lumbering: Lumbering for domestic and commercial purposes is the real cause of large scale destruction of forest cover. Ever increasing demand of timber for various purposes due to industrial expansion, urban growth and rapidly increasing human population has done great damage to natural forest covers. Multipurpose river projects: Multipurpose river projects require larger areas to be submerged for the storage of huge volume of water in the reservoirs constructed behind the dams. Thus, submergence of forested riverine areas completely destroys the natural forest. Steps taken by the government: The national forest policy of India, 1998, is now in force. Its formulation has been timely and certainly a marked improvement over the policy of 1952, which emphasized on increasing the area under forest cover to 33% or 1/3rd of the country total geographical area and 60% in the hills of north-east India. Forest development agency (FDA) is a central agency which provides financial help to the state government for the planting of trees and conservation of forest area. The government of Assam has of late formulated a forest policy, developing a common approach to manage both environment and biodiversity. The new policy, 2004, which is first of its kind, seems to be a comprehensive thoughtful one fuel, because the policy has considered almost all the major environment concern like flora and fauna, wildlife, soil fertility etc. the policy provides a comprehensive strategy for environmental conservation and improved support system for livelihood for the people living in the fringe areas of forests and thereby seeks to overcome the two major environmental problems- degradation of biodiversity and forest cover. CONSERVATION STRATEGY of FOREST RESOURCES IN NORTH EAST: Management of Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Sanctuaries etc. in the region. Regulation of Sacred Groves. Introduction of more programs on Afforestation. Possible Replacement of areas under Shifting Cultivation by alternative economic activities. Ecosystem based forest management has to be adopted to maintain ecological balance. Reforestation in the deforested areas must be regulated to restore the ecological balance. Plantation of trees and vegetation should be made a compulsory feature in educational institutes, Youth clubs and in communities. Areas of water-shed should also be managed through afforestation programs. Alternative Livelihood must be provided for forest dwellers. Over-exploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation are the three major factors that threaten the biodiversity of this region. Forest is the vital components to sustain the life support system on the earth.Forests are playing an important role in the socio-economic development of a country or region. The role of forest in ecological balance, Last but not the least, serious efforts will have to be made to protect and conserve forest both at government as well as public level. Due attention should be given to forest management. Some of the useful steps for the conservation of forest are as follows: A proper ratio between forest cutting and plantation of trees should be maintained. Actual growth of trees is supervised. Strict prohibition of the cutting of trees for fuel is imposed. Protection from forest fire. Development of Natural Park and sanctuaries. Social forestry is developed. Forest survey, be conducted and classification be done accordingly. Plantation of trees according to local ecological condition. Long term master plan for forest conservation and development is prepared. CONCLUSION: Environmental stability, bio-diversity conservation, food security and sustainable development has been widely recognized at many aspects of conservation strategies. The key role of the forest has been recognized in their ecological, cultural, commercial and aesthetic aspects, yet rapid shrinkage of forest cover is threatening to tilt the ecological balance in the North Eastern Region. A sizeable disappearance of forest cover is causing serious damage to forest ecosystem of the region. The fast dwindling of forest cover is attributed to rampant encroachment and unchecked habitat expansion in the forest land. Encroachment is more aggressive in forest areas located along the inter-state boundary with Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya. For the Northeast the CDM funding potential can be maximized if the definition allows for high crown density and height. Appropriate areas can be readily identified through comparative assessments of forest cover changes using the widely av ailable aerial maps of the region. However, in the absence of an agreed definition it is impossible to quantify the financial opportunities that could emerge from the CDM. Further assessments must await government decisions Man has always had an integral association with nature, and thereby with forest. He has gradually changed the aspect of natural ecosystem into man-made ecosystem. Thus it can be said that man has the power too to control the further degradation of our natural environment if he desires to do the needful action and it would be possible only through the participation of man in respect of the preservation and conservation of various natural resources where, forest resource is one of the vital one. Hence it is worth mentioning that conservation of forest resources in North East India is need of the hour.